Professional Intervention: Distribution of Educational Materials

Definition: Distribution of published or printed recommendations for clinical care, including clinical practice guidelines, audio-visual materials and electronic publications. The materials may have been delivered personally or through mass mailings.

Effectiveness: Six high quality reviews (Gurusamy, Farmer, Faulkner, Forsetlund, Lewin, Thomas) and three key reviews (Davey, Grimshaw, Shaw) were identified. Two high quality reviews (Gurusamy, Farmer) found the intervention to be generally effective for improving appropriate care outcomes. One high quality review (Farmer) also found materials to be generally effective for prescribing related outcomes - choice. Four high quality reviews (Faulkner, Forsetlund, Lewin, Thomas) and three key reviews (Davey, Grimshaw, Shaw) had an insufficient number of studies to draw any conclusions about the intervention.

Summary of Overall Findings from Reviews: 2/2 high quality/key reviews with a sufficient number of studies to draw conclusions found this intervention to be generally effective.

Summary of Findings Related to Prescribing: 1/1 high quality/key reviews with a sufficient number of studies to draw conclusions found this intervention to be generally effective for improving prescribing outcomes.

Reviews Addressing This Intervention Quality Assessment Tool:
AMSTAR Score (of 11 points)
Gurusamy KS, Aggarwal R, Palanivelu L, Davidson BR. Virtual reality training for surgical trainees in laparoscopic surgery. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009 (1):CD006575. 9 (High)
Farmer AP, Légaré F, Turcot L, Grimshaw J, Harvey E, McGowan JL, Wolf F. Printed educational materials: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008 16 (3):CD004398. 8 (High)
Faulkner A, Mills N, Baxter K, Kinnersley P, Peters TJ, Sharp D. A systematic review of the effect of primary care-based service innovations on quality and patterns of referral to specialist secondary care. British Journal of General Practice 2003 53 (496):878-884. 8 (High)
Forsetlund L, Bjørndal A, Rashidian A, Jamtvedt G, O'Brien MA, Wolf F, Davis D, Odgaard-Jensen J, Oxman AD. Continuing education meetings and workshops: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009 15 (2):CD003030. 8 (High)
Lewin SA, Skea ZC, Entwistle V, Zwarenstein M, Dick J. Interventions for providers to promote a patient-centered approach in clinical consultations. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2001 (4):CD003267. 8 (High)
Thomas L, Cullum N, McColl E, Rousseau N, Soutter J, Steen N. Guidelines in professions allied to medicine. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2000 (1):CD000349. 8 (High)
Davey P, Brown E, Fenelon L, Finch R, Gould I, Hartman G, Holmes A, Ramsay C, Taylor E, Wilcox M, Wiffen P. Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices for hospital inpatients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005 (4):CD003543. 7 (Medium)
de Belvis AG, Pelone F, Biasco A, Ricciardi W, Volpe M. Can primary care professionals' adherence to Evidence Based Medicine tools improve quality of care in Type 2 diabetes mellitus? A systematic review. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2009 85 (2):119-131. 7 (Medium)
Grimshaw JM, Thomas RE, MacLennan G, Fraser C, Ramsay CR, Vale L, Whitty P, Eccles MP, Matowe L, Shirran L, Wensing M, Dijkstra R, Donaldson C. Effectiveness and efficiency of guideline dissemination and implementation strategies. 2004 8 (6):iii-72. 7 (Medium)
Marinopoulos SS, Dorman T, Ratanawongsa N, Wilson LM, Ashar BH, Magaziner JL, Miller RG, Thomas PA, Prokopowicz GP, Qayyum R, Bass EB. Effectiveness of continuing medical education. Evidence Report — Technology Assessment (Full Rep) 2007 (149):1-69. 7 (Medium)
McGowan JL, Grad R, Pluye P, Hannes K, Deane K, Labrecque M, Welch V, Tugwell P. Electronic retrieval of health information by healthcare providers to improve practice and patient care. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009 (3):CD004749. 7 (Medium)
Shaw B, Cheater F, Baker R, Gillies C, Hearnshaw H, Flottorp S, Robertson N. Tailored interventions to overcome identified barriers to change: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005 (3):CD005470. 7 (Medium)
Smith SM, Allwright S, O'Dowd T. Does sharing care across the primary-specialty interface improve outcomes in chronic disease? A systematic review. American Journal of Managed Care 2008 14 (4):213-224. 7 (Medium)
Sturm LP, Windsor JA, Cosman PH, Cregan P, Hewett PJ, Maddern GJ. A systematic review of skills transfer after surgical simulation training. Annals of Surgery 2008 248 (2):166-179. 7 (Medium)
van der Wees PJ, Jamtvedt G, Rebbeck T, de Bie RA, Dekker J, Hendriks EJ. Multifaceted strategies may increase implementation of physiotherapy clinical guidelines: a systematic review. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 2008 54 (4):233-241. 7 (Medium)
Cook DA, Levinson AJ, Garside S, Dupras DM, Erwin PJ, Montori VM. Internet-based learning in the health professions: A meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association 2008 300 (10):1181-1196. 6 (Medium)
Fahey T, Schroeder K, Ebrahim S. Interventions used to improve control of blood pressure in patients with hypertension. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006 (4):CD005182. 6 (Medium)
Gilbody S, Whitty P, Grimshaw J, Thomas R. Educational and organisational interventions to improve the management of depression in primary care. A systematic review. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 2003 289 (23):3145-3151. 6 (Medium)
Ranji SR, Steinman MA, Shojania KG, Gonzales R. Interventions to reduce unnecessary antibiotic prescribing: a systematic review and quantitative analysis. Medical Care 2008 46 (8):847-862. 6 (Medium)
Brink-Huis A, van Achterberg T, Schoonhoven L. Pain management: a review of organisation models with integrated processes for the management of pain in adult cancer patients. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2009 17 (15):1986-2000. 5 (Medium)
Hakkennes S, Dodd K. Guideline implementation in allied health professions: a systematic review of the literature. Quality and Safety in Health Care 2008 17 (4):296-300. 5 (Medium)
Redfern J, McKevitt C, Wolfe CD. Development of complex interventions in stroke care: a systematic review. Stroke 2006 37 (9):2410-2419. 5 (Medium)
Safdar N, Abad C. Educational interventions for prevention of healthcare-associated infection: a systematic review. Critical Care Medicine 2008 36 (3):933-940. 5 (Medium)
Solomon DH, Hashimoto H, Daltroy L, Liang MH. Techniques to improve physicians' use of diagnostic tests: a new conceptual framework. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 1998 280 (23):2020-2027. 5 (Medium)
Steinman MA, Ranji SR, Shojania KG, Gonzales R. Improving antibiotic selection: a systematic review and quantitative analysis of quality improvement strategies. 2006 44 (7):617-628. 5 (Medium)
Weinmann S, Koesters M, Becker T. Effects of implementation of psychiatric guidelines on provider performance and patient outcome: systematic review. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2007 115 (6):420-433. 5 (Medium)
Wilson K, MacDougall L, Fergusson D, Graham I, Tinmouth A, Hebert PC. The effectiveness of interventions to reduce physician's levels of inappropriate transfusion: what can be learned from a systematic review of the literature. Transfusion 2002 42 (9):1224-1229. 5 (Medium)
Bloomfield JG, While AE, Roberts JD. Using computer assisted learning for clinical skills education in nursing: integrative review. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2008 63 (3):222-235. 4 (Medium)
Carter YH, Bannon MJ, Limbert C, Docherty A, Barlow J. Improving child protection: a systematic review of training and procedural interventions. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2006 91 (9):740-3. 4 (Medium)
Figueiras A, Sastre I, Gestal-Otero JJ. Effectiveness of educational interventions on the improvement of drug prescription in primary care: a critical literature review. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2001 7 (2):223-241. 4 (Medium)
Fish A, Watson MC, Bond CM. Practice-based pharmaceutical services: A systematic review. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 2002 10 (4):225-233. 4 (Medium)
Guldberg TL, Lauritzen T, Kristensen JK, Vedsted P. The effect of feedback to general practitioners on quality of care for people with type 2 diabetes. A systematic review of the literature. BMC Family Practice 2009 10 4 (Medium)
Ioannidis JP, Lau J. Evidence on interventions to reduce medical errors: an overview and recommendations for future research. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2001 16 (5):325-334. 4 (Medium)
Lam-Antoniades M, Ratnapalan S, Tait G. Electronic continuing education in the health professions: an update on evidence from RCTs. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions 2009 29 (1):44-51. 4 (Medium)
Lu CY, Ross-Degnan D, Soumerai SB, Pearson SA. Interventions designed to improve the quality and efficiency of medication use in managed care: a critical review of the literature 2001-2007 (Provisional abstract). BMC Health Services Research 2008 8 (75) 4 (Medium)
Naikoba S, Hayward A. The effectiveness of interventions aimed at increasing handwashing in healthcare workers — a systematic review. Journal of Hospital Infection 2001 47 (3):173-180. 4 (Medium)
Ostini R, Hegney D, Jackson C, Williamson M, Mackson JM, Gurman K, Hall W, Tett SE. Systematic review of interventions to improve prescribing. Annals of Pharmacotherapy 2009 43 (3):502-513. 4 (Medium)
Schouten LMT, Hulscher MEJL, Van Everdingen JJE, Huijsman R, Grol RPTM. Evidence for the impact of quality improvement collaboratives: Systematic review. British Medical Journal 2008 336 (7659):1491-1494. 4 (Medium)
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