Professional Intervention: Educational Meetings

Definition: Health care providers who have participated in conferences, lectures, workshops or traineeships.

Effectiveness: Twelve high quality reviews (Beney, Gould, Farmer, Faulkner, Forsetlund, Jamtvedt, Lewin, McKinstry, O’Brien, Reeves, Smith, Thomas) and one key review (Arnold) were identified. Of these reviews, three high quality reviews (Gould, Lewin, Thomas) found that educational meetings produced mixed effects on appropriate care outcomes, while another high quality review (Forsetlund) found them to be generally effective for appropriate care and appropriate use outcomes. One key review (Arnold) found this intervention to be ineffective for prescribing outcomes. One high quality review (O’Brien) looked at the effectiveness of different forms of educational meetings, and found that while didactic sessions produced mixed effects for appropriate care outcomes, workshops and mixed sessions (didactic and workshops) were generally effective for these outcomes. One high quality review (Jamtvedt) evaluated the effectiveness of educational meetings combined with audit and feedback which was found to be generally effective for appropriate care and prescribing outcomes. Six high quality reviews (Beney, Farmer, Faulkner, McKinstry, Reeves, Smith) had insufficient evidence to determine the effectiveness of this intervention on appropriate care or use outcomes.

Summary of Overall Findings from Reviews: 3/7 high quality/key reviews with a sufficient number of studies to draw conclusions found this intervention to be generally effective.

Summary of Findings Related to Prescribing: 2/3 high quality/key reviews with a sufficient number of studies to draw conclusions found this intervention to be generally effective for improving prescribing outcomes.

Reviews Addressing This Intervention Quality Assessment Tool:
AMSTAR Score (of 11 points)
Beney J, Bero LA, Bond C. Expanding the roles of outpatient pharmacists: effects on health service utilisation, costs, and patient outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2000 (3):CD000336. 9 (High)
Gould DJ, Drey NS, Moralejo D, Grimshaw J, Chudleigh J. Interventions to improve hand hygiene compliance in patient care. Journal of Hospital Infection 2007 68 (3):193-202. 9 (High)
Farmer AP, Légaré F, Turcot L, Grimshaw J, Harvey E, McGowan JL, Wolf F. Printed educational materials: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008 16 (3):CD004398. 8 (High)
Faulkner A, Mills N, Baxter K, Kinnersley P, Peters TJ, Sharp D. A systematic review of the effect of primary care-based service innovations on quality and patterns of referral to specialist secondary care. British Journal of General Practice 2003 53 (496):878-884. 8 (High)
Forsetlund L, Bjørndal A, Rashidian A, Jamtvedt G, O'Brien MA, Wolf F, Davis D, Odgaard-Jensen J, Oxman AD. Continuing education meetings and workshops: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009 15 (2):CD003030. 8 (High)
Jamtvedt G, Kristoffersen DT, O'Brien MA, Oxman AD. Audit and feedback: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006 (2):CD000259. 8 (High)
Lewin SA, Skea ZC, Entwistle V, Zwarenstein M, Dick J. Interventions for providers to promote a patient-centered approach in clinical consultations. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2001 (4):CD003267. 8 (High)
McKinstry B, Ashcroft RE, Car J, Freeman GK, Sheikh A. Interventions for improving patients' trust in doctors and groups of doctors. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008 (3):CD004134. 8 (High)
O'Brien MA, Freemantle N, Oxman AD, Wolf F, Davis DA, Herrin J. Continuing education meetings and workshops: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2001 (1):CD003030. 8 (High)
Reeves S, Zwarenstein M, Goldman J, Barr H, Freeth D, Hammick M, Koppel I. Interprofessional education: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008 (1) 8 (High)
Smith SM, Allwright S, O'Dowd T. Effectiveness of shared care across the interface between primary and specialty care in chronic disease management. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007 (3):CD004910. 8 (High)
Thomas L, Cullum N, McColl E, Rousseau N, Soutter J, Steen N. Guidelines in professions allied to medicine. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2000 (1):CD000349. 8 (High)
Akbari A, Mayhew A, Al-Alawi MA, Grimshaw J, Winkens R, Glidewell E, Pritchard C, Thomas R, Fraser C. Interventions to improve outpatient referrals from primary care to secondary care. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008 8 (4):CD005471. 7 (Medium)
Arnold SR, Straus SE. Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices in ambulatory care. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005 (4):CD003539. 7 (Medium)
de Belvis AG, Pelone F, Biasco A, Ricciardi W, Volpe M. Can primary care professionals' adherence to Evidence Based Medicine tools improve quality of care in Type 2 diabetes mellitus? A systematic review. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2009 85 (2):119-131. 7 (Medium)
Grimshaw JM, Thomas RE, MacLennan G, Fraser C, Ramsay CR, Vale L, Whitty P, Eccles MP, Matowe L, Shirran L, Wensing M, Dijkstra R, Donaldson C. Effectiveness and efficiency of guideline dissemination and implementation strategies. 2004 8 (6):iii-72. 7 (Medium)
Lancaster T, Silagy C, Fowler G. Training health professionals in smoking cessation. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2000 (3):CD000214. 7 (Medium)
Marinopoulos SS, Dorman T, Ratanawongsa N, Wilson LM, Ashar BH, Magaziner JL, Miller RG, Thomas PA, Prokopowicz GP, Qayyum R, Bass EB. Effectiveness of continuing medical education. Evidence Report — Technology Assessment (Full Rep) 2007 (149):1-69. 7 (Medium)
Nishtala PS, McLachlan AJ, Bell JS, Chen TF. Psychotropic prescribing in long-term care facilities: impact of medication reviews and educational interventions. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2008 16 (8):621-632. 7 (Medium)
Parkes J, Hyde C, Deeks J, Milne R. Teaching critical appraisal skills in health care settings. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2001 (3):CD001270. 7 (Medium)
Ross S, Loke YK. Do educational interventions improve prescribing by medical students and junior doctors? A systematic review. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2009 67 (6):662-670. 7 (Medium)
Smith SM, Allwright S, O'Dowd T. Does sharing care across the primary-specialty interface improve outcomes in chronic disease? A systematic review. American Journal of Managed Care 2008 14 (4):213-224. 7 (Medium)
Smolders M, Laurant M, Roberge P, van Balkom A, van Rijswijk E, Bower P, Grol R. Knowledge transfer and improvement of primary and ambulatory care for patients with anxiety. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 2008 53 (5):277-293. 7 (Medium)
Sturm LP, Windsor JA, Cosman PH, Cregan P, Hewett PJ, Maddern GJ. A systematic review of skills transfer after surgical simulation training. Annals of Surgery 2008 248 (2):166-179. 7 (Medium)
van der Wees PJ, Jamtvedt G, Rebbeck T, de Bie RA, Dekker J, Hendriks EJ. Multifaceted strategies may increase implementation of physiotherapy clinical guidelines: a systematic review. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 2008 54 (4):233-241. 7 (Medium)
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Flores-Mateo G, Argimon JM. Evidence based practice in postgraduate healthcare education: a systematic review. BMC Health Services Research 2007 7 (119):1-8. 6 (Medium)
Gilbody S, Whitty P, Grimshaw J, Thomas R. Educational and organisational interventions to improve the management of depression in primary care. A systematic review. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 2003 289 (23):3145-3151. 6 (Medium)
Ouwens M, Hulscher M, Hermens R, Faber M, Marres H, Wollersheim H, Grol R. Implementation of integrated care for patients with cancer: A systematic review of interventions and effects. International Journal for Quality in Health Care 2009 21 (2):137-144. 6 (Medium)
Ranji SR, Steinman MA, Shojania KG, Gonzales R. Interventions to reduce unnecessary antibiotic prescribing: a systematic review and quantitative analysis. Medical Care 2008 46 (8):847-862. 6 (Medium)
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Chakraborti C, Boonyasai RT, Wright SM, Kern DE. A systematic review of teamwork training interventions in medical student and resident education. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2008 23 (6):846-853. 5 (Medium)
Cortoos PJ, Simoens S, Peetermans W, Willems L, Laekeman G. Implementing a hospital guideline on pneumonia: a semi-quantitative review. International Journal for Quality in Health Care 2007 19 (6):358-367. 5 (Medium)
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